DE HVMANÆ ANIMÆ FABRICA
(The Fabric of the Human Soul)
Prof. Dr. Carlos Gabriel CHADA CASTRO
DE HVMANÆ ANIMÆ FABRICA
(The Fabric of the Human Soul)
Prof. Dr. Carlos Gabriel
CHADA CASTRO
Carlos Gabriel Chada Castro
ψυχῆς ἰατρεῖον / Remedios del alma / Remèdes de l’âme / Medicines for the soul / medicine dell’anima / Heilmittel der Seele / remédios da alma













ΨΦ — SIGILLVM ACTVARII
The fusion of Ψ (Psi) and Φ (Phi) is not merely a monogram, but a declaration about the human condition. Ψ, the sign of psyché, evokes the soul in its suffering, conflict, memory and desire: that dimension of human existence to which psychiatry listens when a person begins to suffer from the very experience of being oneself. Φ, the initial of philosophia, opens the radical question of meaning: not merely what happens to a human being, but what what happens means to the one who lives through it.
Interwoven, the two letters dissolve an ancient boundary. Psychiatry ceases to be solely a science of symptoms, while philosophy relinquishes the distance of pure contemplation. The former brings the intimacy of the clinical encounter; the latter, the depth of questioning. Between them stands phenomenology, a discipline of attentive seeing: a return to lived experience before it is reduced to diagnosis, mechanism, or number.
Such is the emblem of Dr ACTVARIVS: physician before suffering, philosopher before mystery, humanist before the person. For wherever Ψ enters Φ, illness recovers its biography; the symptom, its language; and the patient, a face.
ΨΦ thus becomes the sigillum of a conviction: the human soul may be studied, but it can never be exhausted by what we know of it.
La fusión de Ψ (Psi) y Φ (Phi) no constituye aquí un mero monograma, sino una declaración acerca del hombre. Ψ, cifra de la psyché, remite al alma en cuanto padecimiento, conflicto, memoria y deseo: aquello que la psiquiatría escucha cuando el ser humano comienza a dolerse de sí mismo. Φ, inicial de philosophía, introduce la interrogación radical por el sentido: no sólo qué le sucede al hombre, sino qué significa para él aquello que le sucede.
Al entrelazarse, ambas letras cancelan una antigua frontera. La Psiquiatría deja de ser únicamente ciencia de síntomas y la Filosofía deja de ser contemplación distante: una aporta la proximidad de la clínica; la otra, la profundidad de la pregunta. Entre ambas comparece la Fenomenología, como disciplina de la mirada: regresar a la experiencia vivida antes de reducirla a diagnóstico, mecanismo o cifra.
Tal es el emblema del Dr. ACTVARIVS: médico ante el sufrimiento, filósofo ante el enigma y humanista ante la persona. Porque allí donde Ψ penetra en Φ, la enfermedad vuelve a tener biografía; el síntoma, lenguaje; y el paciente, rostro.
ΨΦ es, finalmente, el sigillum de una convicción: el alma humana puede ser estudiada, pero nunca agotada por aquello que sabemos de ella.
La fusion de Ψ (Psi) et de Φ (Phi) ne saurait se réduire ici à un simple monogramme : elle constitue une véritable déclaration sur l’homme. Ψ, signe de la psyché, renvoie à l’âme dans ce qu’elle porte de souffrance, de conflit, de mémoire et de désir : cette part de l’humain que la psychiatrie écoute lorsque l’homme commence à souffrir de lui-même. Φ, initiale de philosophia, ouvre l’interrogation radicale sur le sens : non seulement ce qui arrive à l’homme, mais ce que signifie pour lui ce qui lui arrive.
Dans leur entrelacement, les deux lettres abolissent une ancienne frontière. La psychiatrie cesse d’être exclusivement science des symptômes, tandis que la philosophie renonce à la distance de la seule contemplation : l’une apporte la proximité de la clinique ; l’autre, la profondeur du questionnement. Entre elles se déploie la phénoménologie, discipline du regard et du retour à l’expérience vécue, avant que celle-ci ne soit réduite à un diagnostic, à un mécanisme ou à un chiffre.
Tel est l’emblème du Dr ACTVARIVS : médecin devant la souffrance, philosophe devant l’énigme, humaniste devant la personne. Car là où Ψ pénètre Φ, la maladie retrouve une biographie ; le symptôme, un langage ; et le patient, un visage.
ΨΦ devient ainsi le sigillum d’une conviction : l’âme humaine peut être étudiée, mais jamais épuisée par ce que nous savons d’elle.
La fusione di Ψ (Psi) e Φ (Phi) non si esaurisce, in questo emblema, in un semplice monogramma: essa racchiude una precisa concezione dell’uomo.
Ψ, simbolo della psyché, rinvia all’anima nella sua dimensione più inquieta e vulnerabile: il patire, il conflitto, la memoria, il desiderio. È quella dimensione dell’esistenza alla quale la psichiatria presta ascolto quando l’essere umano comincia a soffrire di se stesso, quando il proprio mondo interiore diviene, insieme, luogo di esperienza e sorgente di tormento.
Φ, iniziale di philosophía, introduce invece l’interrogazione radicale sul senso dell’esistere: non soltanto che cosa accada all’uomo, ma quale significato assuma, nella trama irripetibile della sua esistenza, ciò che gli accade.
Nel loro intrecciarsi, le due lettere dissolvono una separazione antica. La Psichiatria cessa di essere soltanto una scienza dei sintomi, così come la Filosofia rinuncia a rimanere una contemplazione distaccata dell’umano. L’una reca con sé la prossimità dell’incontro clinico, l’altra la profondità dell’interrogazione filosofica. E nel punto in cui questi due saperi si incontrano prende forma la Fenomenologia, intesa anzitutto come disciplina dello sguardo: un ritorno all’esperienza vissuta, prima che questa venga ricondotta alle categorie della diagnosi, ai meccanismi della spiegazione causale o all’astrazione del dato numerico.
È questo il significato più profondo dell’emblema del Dr. ACTVARIVS: medico dinanzi alla sofferenza, filosofo dinanzi all’enigma, umanista dinanzi alla persona.
Poiché là dove Ψ si compenetra con Φ, la malattia ritrova la propria biografia, il sintomo riacquista una voce e il paziente torna ad avere un volto.
ΨΦ è, in definitiva, il sigillum di una convinzione che attraversa tanto il sapere medico quanto la riflessione filosofica: l’anima umana può essere indagata, compresa nelle sue manifestazioni e studiata nelle sue profondità, ma non potrà mai essere interamente racchiusa entro i confini di ciò che di essa sappiamo.
Nota sobre la versión en italiano
Se ha privilegiado una prosa ensayística italiana, de resonancias fenomenológicas y cercana a la tradición de la filosofía de la existencia. Expresiones como “la trama irripetibile della sua esistenza”, “disciplina dello sguardo” y “il paziente torna ad avere un volto” procuran conservar la densidad conceptual del original, pero con una cadencia propiamente italiana.
La frase final, en particular, busca expresar la distinción fundamental entre el conocimiento científico del hombre y la imposibilidad de reducir la totalidad de su existencia a dicho conocimiento.
ΨΦ — Das Siegel einer Menschenauffassung
Die Verschmelzung von Ψ (Psi) und Φ (Phi) erschöpft sich hier keineswegs in einem bloßen Monogramm. Sie ist vielmehr Ausdruck eines bestimmten Menschenbildes, eines Bekenntnisses zu jener unerschöpflichen Tiefe des Menschseins, die sich weder auf wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis noch auf begriffliche Bestimmungen reduzieren lässt.
Ψ, das Zeichen der psyché, verweist auf das menschliche Seelenleben in seiner Verletzlichkeit und inneren Zerrissenheit: auf das Leiden, den Widerstreit, die Erinnerung und das Begehren. Es bezeichnet jene verborgene Innenwelt, der sich die Psychiatrie hörend zuwendet, wenn der Mensch beginnt, an sich selbst zu leiden, wenn ihm sein eigenes Dasein fragwürdig und seine Seele zum Schauplatz eines schmerzlichen Ringens wird.
Φ, der Anfangsbuchstabe der philosophía, eröffnet hingegen die ursprüngliche Frage nach dem Sinn. Sie fragt nicht allein danach, was einem Menschen widerfährt, sondern danach, was dieses Widerfahrnis innerhalb seines je eigenen Lebenszusammenhangs bedeutet. Denn das menschliche Dasein erschöpft sich nicht im bloßen Geschehen; es ist immer auch ein Verhältnis zu dem, was ihm geschieht.
Indem sich beide Zeichen ineinanderfügen, überwinden sie eine alte Grenzziehung. Die Psychiatrie ist nicht länger bloß eine Wissenschaft von Symptomen, ebenso wenig wie die Philosophie bei einer weltfernen Betrachtung des Menschlichen stehen bleiben darf. Jene bringt die Unmittelbarkeit der klinischen Begegnung ein, diese die Tiefe des philosophischen Fragens.
In ihrem Zwischenraum begegnet uns die Phänomenologie als eine Schule des Sehens, als eine Einübung in jene Haltung, die dem Erlebten zunächst sein eigenes Recht lässt. Ihr Anliegen ist die Rückkehr zur gelebten Erfahrung, zur Lebenswelt des Menschen, noch bevor diese in Diagnosen gefasst, durch Kausalmechanismen erklärt oder auf messbare Größen zurückgeführt wird.
Darin liegt der eigentliche Sinn des Emblems von Dr. ACTVARIVS: Arzt angesichts des Leidens, Philosoph angesichts des Rätselhaften und Humanist im Angesicht des Menschen.
Denn wo Ψ und Φ einander durchdringen, gewinnt die Krankheit ihre Lebensgeschichte zurück, das Symptom wird wieder zur Sprache, und der Patient erhält sein Antlitz zurück.
ΨΦ ist schließlich das sigillum einer Überzeugung, die ärztliches Wissen und philosophisches Denken gleichermaßen verpflichtet:
Das menschliche Seelenleben lässt sich erforschen, seine Erscheinungsweisen lassen sich verstehen und seine verborgenen Zusammenhänge ergründen. Doch der Mensch bleibt in seinem innersten Wesen mehr als die Summe dessen, was wir über ihn wissen. Seine Seele ist dem Erkennen zugänglich, niemals aber durch Erkenntnis auszuschöpfen.
Nota sobre la versión en alemán
La particularidad del alemán es que permite dar a determinados conceptos una densidad antropológica y existencial difícilmente reproducible en otras lenguas.
Menschenbild: mucho más que una “concepción del hombre”. Designa la imagen integral del ser humano que sustenta una determinada posición filosófica, médica o moral. Por eso lo he introducido desde el comienzo.
Seelenleben: la vida anímica en su dinamismo interior. Permite evitar que Seele (alma) quede restringida a una interpretación espiritualista o religiosa.
Widerfahrnis: término especialmente fértil en la filosofía alemana. No designa simplemente un acontecimiento (Ereignis), sino algo que nos sobreviene, que padecemos o experimentamos sin ser necesariamente sus autores.
Lebenswelt: el mundo de la vida, central en Husserl y en la tradición fenomenológica. Sitúa la experiencia humana antes de su objetivación científica.
Antlitz: no es simplemente Gesicht (rostro). Posee una resonancia ética y filosófica más profunda, particularmente apropiada cuando se habla del reconocimiento del otro como persona.
Unausschöpflichkeit: la condición de aquello que no puede agotarse mediante el conocimiento. Aunque no he utilizado el sustantivo directamente, esta idea gobierna el párrafo final.
Remedies of the soul
An inner library
An ancient tradition has it that above the threshold of the sacred library of Ramesses II there stood the Greek inscription ψυχῆς ἰατρεῖον: a healing-place for the soul — or, in a freer and perhaps more evocative rendering, remedies of the soul.
Few expressions could more precisely describe what books have meant to certain civilisations and, in a more private way, what they have come to mean to me. They are not mere repositories of words, nor shelves upon which knowledge waits inertly for a reader. They are instruments of inward transformation, discreet forms of spiritual medicine, chambers of memory and laboratories in which distant temporalities may coexist without cancelling one another.
Books have always exerted upon me an almost Orphic fascination.
Every library is, in some sense, a conversation between heterogeneous regions of time: linear and circular time; historical and mythical time; times simultaneous, divergent, extinguished or not yet entirely born. To open a book is to cross a peculiar frontier and enter a territory in which the dead continue to speak, and in which certain ideas survive their authors with a persistence that biology alone cannot adequately explain.
Eliot understood something essential about this strange architecture of time. In Burnt Norton, the first of the Four Quartets, past, present and future do not merely follow one another: they penetrate one another. Time becomes less a sequence than a field of echoes.
Perhaps this is why Borges imagined Paradise in the form of a library, and why Umberto Eco could regard the library not simply as an archive of knowledge but as a machine devised against oblivion.
The dead continue to speak wherever books remain open.
Yet every library is also an involuntary autobiography.
The books we choose, the books we abandon, those to which we return after twenty years, and those whose presence remains with us although we never open them again, gradually compose a secret cartography of our existence. No intellectual itinerary is wholly deliberate. There are fortuitous encounters, unforeseen masters, books encountered too early, and others whose meaning becomes intelligible only after one has lived long enough to understand them.
There is something distinctly Eliotic in this gathering of fragments. At the close of The Waste Land, the speaker says: “These fragments I have shored against my ruins.” A library may sometimes be precisely that: an attempt to preserve fragments against the erosion of one’s own inner ruins.
Something similar may be said of the biographical narratives from which every human life is made. Each is irreducibly singular because every person is the outcome of one particular convergence of nature, culture and history.
The analogy with a game of chance is difficult to avoid. The cards are dealt without consulting us. No one chooses the body into which he is born, the family that first receives him, the century in which he will live, certain early wounds, or the accidents that begin shaping his character long before he has learnt to name them.
And yet what matters is not exhausted by the hand we have been dealt.
Something begins in the manner in which we choose to play it.
The space of freedom opens precisely where mere facticity ceases to be sufficient.
Between chance and necessity — or, more accurately, suspended uneasily between the two — man advances along what might be called the precipice of freedom.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty spoke of a situated freedom: never absolute, never disembodied, always conditioned by a body, a history, an age and circumstances we did not ourselves select. Yet a limited freedom is not thereby an illusory one. On the contrary, it may be only because freedom encounters resistance that it can become an act.
Stripped entirely of that capacity, man would be reduced to an extraordinarily sophisticated form of biological automatism: a creature endowed with an admirable nervous system, capable of responding to countless stimuli, yet unable to distance himself from them, interrogate them, or decide.
Existence begins when man ceases merely to react and begins to question.
A considerable part of our present age may perhaps be understood as a gradual surrender of precisely this inward exercise of freedom.
In exchange, substitutes are offered with increasing efficiency: comfort, distraction, consumption, speed, visibility, stimulation, entertainment.
Never have we possessed so many possibilities; it is far from evident that we know better what to do with them.
Never has freedom been so incessantly invoked, and perhaps never has there been so elaborate an industry devoted to anticipating desire, capturing attention and steering choice.
I should therefore prefer these pages not to be read as a conventional presentation, but rather as a modest place in which words, intuitions, experiences and questions may gather.
In another cultural tradition I might have resorted not to words but to ideograms. Under the influence of a more severe minimalism, perhaps even to a handful of signs or phonemes. No language is innocent. Every language carries within it an implicit metaphysics, and every symbolic system fashions experience differently.
I have studied medicine, psychiatry, philosophy, anthropology and several other disciplines belonging to that inexhaustible human task: the attempt to understand man.
I have moved through centuries-old universities, hospitals, libraries, lecture rooms and different geographies in pursuit of that peculiar living being whom the Greeks called ἄνθρωπος.
In Plato’s Cratylus, Socrates offers Hermogenes a philosophical etymology of anthrōpos: man would be the being who does not merely see, but turns reflectively upon what he has seen; who considers, examines and interrogates his own experience.
Its philological accuracy matters less than the anthropological intuition it contains.
Man would thus be the animal capable of making a problem of his own experience.
He sees — and knows that he sees.
He suffers — and may ask what his suffering means.
He desires — and may question the legitimacy of his desire.
He knows that he will die — and precisely because he knows it, he builds tombs, religions, libraries, hospitals, poems and metaphysical systems.
Shakespeare returns repeatedly to this knowledge of mortality. Prospero’s words in The Tempest reduce towers, palaces and the whole visible pageant of existence to a vanishing fabric, until human life itself appears fragile, dreamlike and bounded by sleep.
Perhaps no account of the human being has ever escaped the gravity of this strange ability to turn back upon oneself.
I am tempted here to place a full stop.
But full stops belong rather more properly to syntax than to existence.
Life seldom concludes with the neatness of a paragraph.
The Lebenswelt, Husserl’s life-world, resembles a systematic treatise far less than it does a manuscript covered in deletions, marginal glosses, interpolations, missing fragments and pages that were never written.
These pages have, in truth, two purposes.
The first is to offer an inevitably fragmentary image of the person who writes them. The second is to attempt — within my limitations — some response to the questions arising from the territory to which I have devoted a considerable part of my life: psychopathology and psychiatry.
Henri Ey conceived mental illness in part through the disturbance it introduces into human freedom, and this intuition still possesses remarkable anthropological force.
For behind innumerable psychopathological manifestations there lies, in one form or another, an alteration in the relation between freedom, desire, will, affectivity and reality.
Mental illness is not merely an assemblage of symptoms.
It is also a modification of one’s manner of inhabiting the world.
Depression alters the experience of the future.
Mania distorts the measure of the possible.
Psychosis transforms the very status of reality.
Obsession may convert freedom into ritual.
Anxiety may turn possibility into threat.
Impulsivity may dangerously shorten the interval between desire and act.
Mental disorder thus appears not only as a clinical event, but as an anthropological fracture.
Contemporary nosography — including the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders — may map many of these configurations with considerable precision. But classification is not yet understanding.
A taxonomy may tell us what to call a syndrome.
It is a much more difficult matter to understand what becomes of a person’s freedom when his world contracts until it is scarcely habitable.
From this perspective, the older conception of psychiatry as concerned with a certain pathology of freedom retains an extraordinary power.
And at this point anxiety inevitably enters.
Kierkegaard understood, perhaps before many clinicians, that anxiety was not simply an unpleasant affect, nor merely a symptom awaiting successful treatment. It was also the dizziness of possibility.
Only a being who stands, in some sense, before what may still become can experience anxiety in its properly existential form.
The animal fears.
Man also anticipates.
He can imagine catastrophe before it occurs, suffer from futures that will never come to pass, and despair before possibilities that remain entirely open.
Yet the same faculty that produces anxiety also makes freedom possible.
Only one who can err can choose.
Only one who can lose can risk.
Only one who can fail can truly act.
Shakespeare places an equally profound intuition in Malcolm’s counsel to Macduff in Macbeth: “Give sorrow words.” Grief denied language threatens to become inwardly destructive; grief spoken enters the human order of meaning.
There is something clinically exact in that line.
Speech does not abolish suffering.
But it prevents suffering from remaining entirely mute.
And psychiatry, at its best, begins precisely there: not by silencing anguish, but by allowing anguish to enter language.
I should like, finally, to dwell upon the symbolic meaning of another name: Eudemoniapsyche.
The Greek term εὐδαιμονία, central to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, is commonly translated as “happiness”, though the English word is too slight for what Aristotle intended.
Eudaimonia is not an agreeable mood, still less subjective satisfaction. It points towards a fulfilled life, a form of human flourishing in which reason, character, action and virtue attain a certain consonance.
For Aristotle, the highest good does not lie in wealth, honour, fame, or even pleasure taken in isolation. It belongs instead to a certain excellence in the actual living of a human life.
Late modernity appears gradually to have displaced that older question —
How ought one to live?
— with another, far more immediate:
What do I still want?
Perhaps one of the decisive anthropological mutations of our age lies precisely there.
The contemporary subject inhabits a permanent economy of comparison, exposure and recognition. He must present himself, produce himself, explain himself, optimise himself, update himself.
It is no longer sufficient merely to exist.
One must display externally verifiable signs that one’s existence deserves to be observed.
This is why many contemporary forms of suffering may also be understood as disturbances of desire, affectivity, will and our relation to limits.
Depression, anxiety, anguish, narcissistic pathology, compulsions, impulsivity, bipolar disorder, psychosis and particular configurations of personality differ profoundly in origin and structure and ought not to be collapsed into one another. Yet each shows, from a different angle, how dependent psychic life remains upon the difficult negotiation between what we desire, what we can do, what we are, and what reality permits.
Perhaps Eudemoniapsyche might name the condition of a soul that has achieved some reconciliation with that distance.
Not the abolition of conflict.
Not some impossible permanent serenity.
Still less an existence without suffering.
Rather, the knowledge of one’s proper measure.
Ancient Greek wisdom understood that a limit need not merely be deprivation.
A limit may also be a form of intelligence.
Our age, by contrast, seems increasingly unwilling to accept one.
It was from this observation that I once found myself tempted by another word: dys-eudaimonia — the false promise of fulfilment that ends by producing the very opposite of what it promises.
A humanity surrounded by possibilities and yet chronically dissatisfied.
Saturated with information and starved of orientation.
Permanently exposed to others and profoundly alone.
Increasingly persuaded that every limit constitutes a personal injustice.
Obsessed with indefinitely prolonging youth, multiplying experience, accumulating recognition and removing from the horizon every reminder of fragility.
Eliot’s late poetry moves in almost the opposite direction. The wisdom sought in Four Quartets is not mastery, expansion or self-deification, but humility: reconciliation after suffering, and an acceptance of measure.
Perhaps our tragedy does not lie simply in having ceased to believe in the gods.
Perhaps it lies instead in having begun to demand of ourselves the attributes once reserved for them.
Omnipresence.
Omnipotence.
Perpetual youth.
Absolute availability.
Permanent visibility.
A life without failure, without ageing, without loss and, ultimately, without death.
Yet the human being who seeks to abolish every limit does not become greater.
He merely loses the measure of the human.
The Greeks possessed a severe word for such an error:
ὕβρις — hýbris.
And this is perhaps why books remain, after all, remedies of the soul.
They remind us that others loved before us; that others feared, betrayed, forgave, grew old, fell ill and died.
They remind us that no individual anguish is entirely without genealogy.
They remind us, too, that what appears to be uniquely ours may already have found words in someone long dead.
Shakespeare knew that sorrow needs speech.
Eliot knew that fragments may be gathered against ruin.
The philosophers knew that freedom becomes intelligible only when confronted by necessity.
And the physicians have always known, or ought to have known, that suffering is never exhausted by the name of a diagnosis.
Against the modern illusion that every life begins from nothing, the library restores us to the long conversation of human beings with themselves.
Perhaps that is its deepest therapeutic virtue.
Not that it provides final answers.
But that it prevents us from believing that we are the first to ask the questions.
Remedies of the soul in other languages
The same text, recreated in thirteen other languages. Each version opens as a PDF; beneath each link, a brief note on what changes in it.
- REMÈDES DE L’ÂMEFrenchSelf-examination and the human condition
- RIMEDI DELL’ANIMAItalianThe journey between going astray and measure
- HEILMITTEL DER SEELEGermanThe tension of Dasein
- REMÉDIOS DA ALMAPortugueseThe self as plurality
- REMEDIA ANIMAELatinHvmanitas, cura animi and inner self-government
- ΦΑΡΜΑΚΑ ΤΗΣ ΨΥΧΗΣAncient GreekLife as the care and formation of the soul
- ЛЕКАРСТВА ДЛЯ ДУШИRussianFreedom as a wound
- SJÆLENS LÆGEMIDLERDanishTo exist is to have to choose
- LEKARSTWA DLA DUSZYPolishThe person within history
- أَدْوِيَةُ النَّفْسClassical ArabicThe soul as an intelligence that must be ordered
- आत्मा के उपचारHindiThe library as a place to dis-identify and discern
- 心灵的良药Mandarin ChineseThe human being as a relationship to be cultivated
- 魂の薬JapaneseLearning to dwell in impermanence
GENEALOGIA MAGISTRORVM MEORVM
Genealogy of my teachers
There are inheritances which pass neither through bloodlines nor through the provisions of a will, and which no inventory could ever hope to encompass. They are the gifts we receive from those who, over the course of our lives, have taught us not merely to understand the world, but, more importantly, to question our responsibilities towards it. For no man can claim absolute ownership of his own thought: within even his most firmly held convictions there linger, often unheard, the voices of those who first taught him how to think.
If I can discern any enduring thread running through my life — a life varied in its geographical settings yet remarkably constant in its intellectual preoccupations — it is the persistence of a vocation unwilling to reduce human suffering to a mere taxonomy of symptoms, or existence itself to an account of its biological mechanisms. My lifelong endeavour to explore the innermost recesses and labyrinths of the human soul, that seemingly inexhaustible élan which has carried me from medicine into philosophy, and from psychopathology into the history of culture, owes as much to my own curiosity as to those who encouraged it, gave it direction and, at times, subjected it to the salutary discipline of disagreement.
I therefore regard these pages neither as an account of academic distinction nor as a self-congratulatory recollection of my professional journey. They are, rather, an acknowledgement of an intellectual and moral lineage. For while a man’s biography may be reconstructed from the events that have marked his existence, the genealogy of his thought demands that we recognise those who, often without intending to do so, determined the direction of his questions. And few debts are more difficult to repay than those we owe to the people who taught us how to understand.
My first teacher was my father, Dr Carlos Chada. A man of the law, a judge by profession and, above all, a man of unimpeachable moral integrity, he imparted to me, from my earliest childhood, a lesson that no university could ever have provided: that a man’s true worth is measured not by the authority he commands, but by the justice with which he exercises it, and by his sensitivity towards those who possess neither power nor protection. His devotion to public service, his personal integrity and his particular concern for the vulnerable constituted my earliest education in humanism. Long before I learnt to recognise psychological suffering, he had taught me never to remain indifferent to the suffering of another.
If, in later years, I chose a profession that would bring me into daily contact with some of the deepest frailties of the human condition, I recognise in that paternal example one of the most enduring roots of my vocation. My father did not bequeath to me a doctrine: he handed down a way of being in the world. And perhaps no inheritance could prove more lasting.
My medical education at the Catholic University of Córdoba, an institution rooted in the Jesuit intellectual tradition, added to this family inheritance the rigour of Ignatian discernment: the discipline of examining one’s own conscience, the obligation to distinguish knowledge from wisdom, and the conviction that no degree of scientific competence can absolve an individual of moral responsibility. That educational tradition, which never divorced the cultivation of the intellect from the scrutiny of conscience, left an imprint I continue to recognise in my personal life, in my practice of medicine and in my work as a university teacher.
It was there that a conviction began to take shape which would remain with me throughout my professional life: medicine demands science; the genuinely humane practice of medicine demands, in addition, conscience.
During my early years of psychiatric training, I had the privilege of studying under two remarkable teachers whose influence extended far beyond the transmission of specialist knowledge.
Professor Héctor Alfredo Ferrari, Professor of Psychiatry at the National University of Córdoba, was one of those rare academic figures whose authority sprang as much from intellectual distinction as from an exceptional generosity towards those beginning their professional lives. His phenomenological approach to psychiatry enabled me to appreciate, at an early stage, that mental illness could not be understood solely as a functional disturbance to be classified and described, but also as a transformation of the patient’s most intimate experience of existence. Under his guidance, I learnt to recognise the distance, so often overlooked, between describing a symptom and understanding the world inhabited by the person who experiences it.
To Professor Eduardo Luis Mahieu, a direct pupil of the distinguished French psychiatrist Henri Ey and one of the earliest exponents of the organo-dynamic school in Argentina, I owe a substantial part of the conceptual foundations upon which my understanding of psychiatry was built. His teaching introduced me to an integrative conception of mental life in which biological structures and the dynamic organisation of consciousness are not competing realities, but inseparable dimensions of human existence. Beyond the rigour of his clinical teaching, he instilled in me a methodological principle that has accompanied me for decades: to remain wary of any explanation which, in seeking to account for the complexity of human beings, succeeds only in diminishing it.
Ferrari and Mahieu represented, each within his own intellectual tradition, two fundamental strands of my early formation. They were far more than teachers of a medical specialty: they helped shape the manner in which I came to question the nature of mental illness and, more importantly still, the way in which I learnt to approach the person who suffers from it.
My subsequent years in Europe considerably broadened those horizons, bringing me into direct contact with some of the intellectual traditions that have shaped modern psychiatry and contemporary philosophy.
At the University of Cambridge, I encountered in Professor Germán Elías Berrios, one of the world’s foremost authorities on the conceptual history and epistemology of psychiatry, a scholar whose influence was to prove decisive in the maturation of my psychopathological thinking. As supervisor of my Master of Philosophy dissertation, his intellectual rigour taught me to question the apparent innocence of clinical concepts and to recognise that the categories through which we describe mental illness possess histories of their own, linguistic genealogies and distinct epistemological foundations.
Through Berrios, I came to understand that no psychopathological description is entirely independent of the historical conditions that made its formulation possible. Symptoms do not speak for themselves: we interrogate them through inherited conceptual languages, sometimes revised, frequently taken for granted, and not always subjected to the critical scrutiny they deserve. This insight profoundly transformed my relationship with the discipline. Psychopathology ceased to appear to me as a merely descriptive science and revealed itself also as a critical enquiry into the very foundations of psychiatric knowledge.
No less formative, though arising from a different philosophical tradition, was my intellectual and personal encounter with Professor Umberto Galimberti, philosopher and Jungian-oriented psychotherapist, who supervised my European doctorate in Philosophy during my studies associated with the universities of Venice and Padua.
His intellectual mentorship amounted to considerably more than another stage in my university education. During the years I lived in Venice, La Serenissima, my conversations with Galimberti afforded me a deeper understanding of a philosophical tradition which, drawing upon phenomenology and philosophical anthropology, had subjected to radical scrutiny the ambition to explain human experience exclusively in terms of its underlying mechanisms.
As a very young student of philosophy, Galimberti had enjoyed the extraordinary privilege of meeting Karl Jaspers in person during a period of study in Basel in the mid-1960s. That encounter with one of the towering figures of twentieth-century psychopathology and philosophy was to leave a profound mark upon his own intellectual development.
I therefore recognise in my years of study with Galimberti a particular philosophical lineage: through someone who had encountered Jaspers directly, I was able to receive something of that Jaspersian tradition which regarded the human being as ultimately irreducible to any closed system of explanation.
In acknowledging this connection, I make no claim to a direct discipleship that was never mine. Rather, I seek to recognise the continuity of an intellectual inheritance. Great teachings do not necessarily come to an end with the lives of those who first articulated them. They survive in their pupils, take shape as new questions and, in other times and other minds, discover possibilities of intellectual renewal that their originators could scarcely have foreseen.
From Galimberti, above all, I received encouragement to deepen a conviction which I now regard as central to my understanding of psychiatry: a medicine of the mind that dispenses with philosophy runs the risk of becoming ever more knowledgeable about diseases whilst growing ever less capable of understanding the human beings who suffer from them.
Later, at the University of Salamanca, during the completion of my European doctorate in Medicine and Psychiatry, I was once again fortunate to work with academic mentors of considerable distinction. My gratitude is directed here towards Professor Antonio Pérez Urdániz, of the University of Salamanca, and Professor Tomás Ortiz Alonso, a distinguished specialist in neuroscience and neuropsychiatry at the Complutense University of Madrid, both of whom assumed supervisory responsibilities during that stage of my doctoral training.
Their respective scientific perspectives contributed greatly to an understanding of psychiatry which I have never wished to divide between its neurobiological foundations and the subjective dimension of human experience. In their teaching I found the academic rigour necessary to sustain a dialogue between disciplines which have too frequently preferred mutual indifference to an honest acknowledgement of their respective limitations.
To this intellectual genealogy belongs also Professor Dominique Pringuey, of the University of Nice, a pupil of Arthur Tatossian, one of the most distinguished representatives of the French phenomenological tradition. His intellectual lineage perpetuated an approach to psychopathology concerned with understanding the patient’s experience from within the structures of his lived world, rather than from the external standpoint of a diagnostic classification. In his teaching, I recognised yet another expression of a tradition which, though articulated through different schools and languages, had informed much of my thinking since the earliest stages of my education.
It would, however, be an act of intellectual ingratitude to confine this remembrance to the names I have just mentioned. I have also been shaped by countless colleagues, professors and students encountered in seminars, hospitals, international conferences and universities: Jena, the Humboldt University of Berlin, Coimbra, Montpellier, Oxford, and so many other places that have formed part of a life devoted to learning.
Some left an enduring impression through years of academic companionship; others did so in the brief interval of a single conversation. For it is not uncommon for the true university to begin when the formal lecture has ended, when one leaves the lecture halls behind and thought continues its journey over dinner, during a walk, or in the courteous disagreement of two minds sufficiently aware of their own incompleteness to recognise the value of one another.
With the passage of time, I have also learnt that teaching is never an entirely one-directional undertaking. My own students, through their unexpected questions, their objections and, occasionally, their intellectually fertile irreverence, have compelled me to reconsider convictions I had regarded as firmly established. A professor who ceases to learn from his students has perhaps, without realising it, begun to relinquish something essential to his calling.
Nor could I omit my patients. From them I have received lessons that no textbook could ever have anticipated. Their histories, their silences and the often inexpressible forms of their distress have taught me that human suffering possesses an eloquence which precedes theory, and that clinical humility begins precisely where our explanations reach their limits.
My teachers taught me how to think about the human condition; my patients taught me to recognise it in its most unguarded vulnerability.
After more than three decades in the practice of psychiatry, I have come to understand that teaching is not simply an obligation to pass on what one has learnt, but a higher expression of gratitude towards those who came before us.
Whenever I enter a university lecture theatre, I carry with me, although no one may be aware of it, a multitude of teachers. Their voices survive in my questions; their teachings, in my doubts; and their intellectual demands, in that fruitful dissatisfaction which prevents me from ever regarding my own education as complete.
I see no contradiction between the rigour of the scientist and the moral conscience of the physician, nor between the philosopher’s pursuit of understanding and the sensibility of one who, confronted with another human being’s suffering, recognises a responsibility that cannot be delegated. Indeed, I believe that whatever has been fruitful in my intellectual journey has arisen precisely from this continuing dialogue between forms of knowledge which I have never considered to occupy entirely separate territories.
Goethe wrote in Faust: ‘What you have inherited from your forebears, you must earn in order to possess it.’ And José Ortega y Gasset formulated that celebrated principle of his philosophy: ‘I am myself and my circumstances, and if I do not save them, I cannot save myself.’
Between these two insights, I recognise much of my own biography.
We are, of course, heirs to a biological constitution we did not choose. Yet we are also the ever-unfinished outcome of our experiences, of the books that transformed us, of encounters that unsettled our certainties, and of those presences which gave an unexpected direction to our lives. Our genetic inheritance establishes certain conditions of existence; our biography, through its ceaseless engagement with the world, helps to give those conditions form and meaning.
No human being is entirely self-made. Even what we regard as most intimately our own — our ideas, our convictions, our sensibilities — bears, whether visibly or in secret, the imprint of others. We are also the living memory of those who taught us how to see, of those who corrected us without humiliating us, and of those who, believing in our possibilities, demanded that we venture beyond the limits we had set for ourselves.
These pages are therefore not intended as a celebration of an individual career, but as an acknowledgement of a debt which no work, however extensive, could ever wholly discharge. If anything of intellectual or human worth is to be found in what I have taught, practised or written, a substantial part of it belongs to those who preceded me and accompanied me along the way.
For, ultimately, we are not merely what we have become; we are also what others, through their intelligence, their example and their generosity, made it possible for us to become.
And if there is one thought I should wish to leave to those who come after me, it is perhaps this:
“The true greatness of a teacher lies not in perpetuating his own thought, but in awakening a mind capable of thinking beyond it. For only he deserves the name of teacher who, in imparting his knowledge, makes his own transcendence the noblest part of his legacy.”
Dr ACTVARIVS
PROŒMIVM — De la herencia invisible y de quienes nos enseñaron a mirar el alma humana.
Hay herencias que no se transmiten por la sangre, ni se consignan en testamentos, ni admiten inventario alguno. Son aquellas que recibimos de quienes, a lo largo de nuestra existencia, nos enseñaron no solamente a conocer el mundo, sino, sobre todo, a interrogarnos acerca de nuestra responsabilidad ante él. Porque ningún hombre llega a ser enteramente dueño de su pensamiento: en cada una de sus convicciones perduran, a menudo silenciosas, las voces de aquellos que le enseñaron a pensar.
Si alguna continuidad reconozco en mi itinerario vital —tan diverso en geografías como perseverante en inquietudes—, es la de una vocación que nunca se resignó a reducir el sufrimiento humano a una mera taxonomía de síntomas, ni la existencia a la descripción de sus mecanismos biológicos. Mi prolongado empeño por explorar las entrañas y los laberintos del alma humana, ese élan inagotable que me ha conducido de la medicina a la filosofía, de la psicopatología a la historia de la cultura, debe tanto a mi propia curiosidad como a quienes supieron alimentarla, orientarla y, en ocasiones, someterla a saludable contradicción.
No concibo, por ello, estas páginas como una relación de méritos o una evocación complaciente de mi trayectoria académica. Son, antes bien, el reconocimiento de una filiación intelectual y moral. Porque si la biografía de un hombre puede reconstruirse mediante los acontecimientos que jalonaron su existencia, la genealogía de su pensamiento exige reconocer a quienes determinaron, muchas veces sin proponérselo, la dirección de sus preguntas. Y no hay deuda más difícil de saldar que aquella contraída con quienes nos enseñaron a comprender.
El primero de mis maestros fue mi padre, el doctor Carlos Chada. Hombre de leyes, juez de profesión y, ante todo, depositario de una conciencia moral insobornable, me transmitió desde la infancia una enseñanza que ninguna universidad habría podido reemplazar: que el verdadero valor de un hombre no se mide por la autoridad que ejerce, sino por la justicia con que la administra y por su sensibilidad frente a quienes carecen de ella. Su vocación de servicio, su integridad personal y su particular atención hacia los más vulnerables constituyeron mi primera escuela de humanismo. Antes de aprender a reconocer el sufrimiento psíquico, había aprendido de él a no permanecer indiferente ante el sufrimiento ajeno.
Si posteriormente elegí una profesión cuyo ejercicio me situaría cotidianamente frente a las fragilidades más hondas de la condición humana, reconozco en aquella primera enseñanza paterna una de sus raíces más profundas. Mi padre no me legó una doctrina: me transmitió una manera de estar en el mundo. Y acaso sea esta la más perdurable de las herencias.
Mi formación médica en la Universidad Católica de Córdoba, de tradición jesuítica, incorporó a aquella herencia familiar el rigor del discernimiento ignaciano: la disciplina de examinar la propia conciencia, la exigencia de distinguir entre el conocimiento y la sabiduría, y la convicción de que ninguna competencia científica dispensa al hombre de su responsabilidad moral. Aquella pedagogía, que no separaba el cultivo de la inteligencia del examen de la conciencia, dejó en mí una impronta que todavía reconozco en mi vida personal, en el ejercicio de la medicina y en mi actividad docente.
Allí comenzó a perfilarse una certeza que me acompañaría durante toda mi vida profesional: la medicina exige ciencia; el ejercicio verdaderamente humano de la medicina exige, además, conciencia.
En mis primeros años de formación psiquiátrica tuve el privilegio de encontrar dos maestros cuya influencia excedió ampliamente la transmisión de conocimientos especializados.
El profesor Héctor Alfredo Ferrari, catedrático de Psiquiatría de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, fue una de aquellas figuras académicas cuya autoridad emanaba tanto de su sólida formación intelectual como de una infrecuente generosidad hacia quienes iniciábamos nuestro recorrido. Su aproximación fenomenológica a la psiquiatría me permitió comprender tempranamente que la enfermedad mental no podía ser abordada exclusivamente como una alteración funcional susceptible de clasificación, sino también como una transformación de la experiencia íntima del existir. Bajo su magisterio aprendí a reconocer la distancia, tantas veces olvidada, entre describir un síntoma y comprender el mundo de quien lo padece.
Al profesor Eduardo Luis Mahieu, discípulo directo del gran psiquiatra francés Henri Ey y uno de los primeros referentes de la escuela órgano-dinamista en Argentina, debo una parte sustancial de mi arquitectura conceptual como psiquiatra. Su magisterio me introdujo en una comprensión integradora de la vida psíquica, donde las estructuras biológicas y la organización dinámica de la conciencia no constituyen realidades antagónicas, sino dimensiones inseparables de una misma existencia humana. De él recibí, además de una formación clínica rigurosa, una enseñanza metodológica que habría de acompañarme durante décadas: desconfiar de toda explicación que, pretendiendo esclarecer la complejidad del hombre, termine por empobrecerla.
Ferrari y Mahieu representaron, desde sus respectivas tradiciones, dos vertientes fundamentales de mi formación inicial. No fueron únicamente profesores de una especialidad: contribuyeron a configurar mi manera de interrogar la enfermedad mental y, más decisivamente aún, mi manera de situarme frente al enfermo.
Mi etapa europea amplió aquellos horizontes y me permitió entrar en contacto con algunas de las tradiciones intelectuales que habían dado forma a la psiquiatría y a la filosofía contemporáneas.
En la Universidad de Cambridge encontré en el profesor Germán Elías Berrios, una de las autoridades internacionales más reconocidas en historia conceptual y epistemología de la psiquiatría, a un maestro cuya influencia habría de resultar decisiva en la maduración de mi pensamiento psicopatológico. Durante el desarrollo de mi tesis de Master of Philosophy, de la cual fue tutor, su rigor intelectual me enseñó a desconfiar de la aparente inocencia de los conceptos clínicos y a reconocer que las categorías mediante las cuales describimos la locura poseen también una historia, una genealogía lingüística y una determinada arquitectura epistemológica.
Con Berrios comprendí que ninguna descripción psicopatológica es enteramente ajena a las condiciones históricas que hicieron posible su formulación. Los síntomas no hablan por sí solos: somos nosotros quienes los interrogamos mediante lenguajes conceptuales heredados, revisados y, no pocas veces, insuficientemente examinados. Aquella enseñanza transformó profundamente mi relación con la disciplina. La psicopatología dejó de presentárseme exclusivamente como una ciencia descriptiva para revelarse, asimismo, como una investigación crítica sobre los fundamentos del conocimiento psiquiátrico.
No menos determinante, aunque desde otra vertiente del pensamiento, fue mi encuentro intelectual y humano con el profesor Umberto Galimberti, filósofo y psicoterapeuta de orientación jungiana, director de mi tesis doctoral europea en Filosofía durante mi formación vinculada a las universidades de Venecia y Padua.
Su magisterio constituyó para mí mucho más que una etapa universitaria. En los años en que viví en Venecia, La Serenissima, el diálogo con Galimberti me permitió profundizar en una tradición filosófica que, desde la fenomenología y la antropología, había sometido a una crítica radical las pretensiones de reducir la experiencia humana a los mecanismos de su funcionamiento.
Galimberti había tenido, siendo todavía un jovencísimo estudioso de filosofía, el extraordinario privilegio de encontrarse personalmente con Karl Jaspers durante una estancia de formación en Basilea, a mediados de la década de 1960. Aquel contacto con una de las figuras capitales de la psicopatología y de la filosofía del siglo XX habría de dejar una huella profunda en su propia elaboración intelectual.
Reconozco, por ello, en mi formación junto a Galimberti, una particular filiación filosófica: la de haber recibido, a través de uno de sus interlocutores directos, una parte de aquella tradición jaspersiana que hizo del hombre un ser irreductible a cualquier sistema cerrado de explicación.
No pretendo con ello reivindicar un discipulado que históricamente no me corresponde, sino reconocer la continuidad de una herencia intelectual. Porque las grandes enseñanzas no concluyen necesariamente con la vida de quienes las formularon: sobreviven en sus discípulos, se transforman en nuevas preguntas y encuentran, en otros tiempos y otras conciencias, posibilidades insospechadas de fecundidad.
De Galimberti recibí, particularmente, el estímulo para profundizar en una convicción que hoy considero central en mi ejercicio de la psiquiatría: una medicina de la mente que prescinde de la filosofía corre el riesgo de conocer cada vez mejor las enfermedades y comprender cada vez menos al hombre que las padece.
Posteriormente, en la Universidad de Salamanca, durante la culminación de mi doctorado europeo en Medicina y Psiquiatría, tuve nuevamente la fortuna de contar con referentes académicos de especial relevancia. Mi gratitud se dirige aquí a los profesores Antonio Pérez Urdániz, de la Universidad de Salamanca, y Tomás Ortiz Alonso, distinguido especialista en neurociencias y neuropsiquiatría de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, quienes asumieron responsabilidades de tutoría y dirección en aquella etapa de mi formación doctoral.
Sus respectivas perspectivas científicas contribuyeron a enriquecer una comprensión de la psiquiatría que nunca he querido escindir entre sus fundamentos neurobiológicos y la dimensión subjetiva de la experiencia humana. En ellos encontré el rigor académico necesario para sostener un diálogo entre disciplinas que, con demasiada frecuencia, han preferido ignorarse mutuamente antes que reconocer sus propias limitaciones.
A esta genealogía pertenece igualmente el profesor Dominique Pringuey, de la Universidad de Niza, discípulo de Arthur Tatossian, una de las figuras más representativas de la tradición fenomenológica francesa. Su filiación intelectual prolongaba aquella perspectiva de la psicopatología que busca comprender la experiencia del enfermo desde las estructuras de su mundo vivido, antes que desde la exterioridad de una clasificación nosográfica. En su enseñanza reconocí otra manifestación de una tradición que, aun expresándose en escuelas y lenguas diversas, había orientado buena parte de mis inquietudes desde los comienzos de mi formación.
Sería, sin embargo, una ingratitud intelectual reducir esta memoria a los nombres que acabo de evocar. También me formaron innumerables colegas, profesores y estudiantes encontrados en seminarios, hospitales, congresos y universidades: Jena, la Humboldt-Universität de Berlín, Coimbra, Montpellier, Oxford y tantos otros escenarios de una vida consagrada al aprendizaje.
Algunos dejaron una enseñanza perdurable durante años de convivencia académica; otros lo hicieron en el breve intervalo de una conversación. Porque no pocas veces la verdadera universidad comienza cuando termina la clase, cuando se abandonan los claustros y el pensamiento prosigue su camino en una sobremesa, en un paseo o en la discrepancia cordial de dos inteligencias que se reconocen mutuamente incompletas.
Con los años he aprendido, además, que el magisterio no circula en una sola dirección. Mis propios estudiantes, con sus preguntas inesperadas, sus objeciones y, en ocasiones, sus fecundas irreverencias intelectuales, me han obligado a revisar certezas que creía suficientemente establecidas. Un profesor que deja de aprender de sus alumnos ha comenzado, acaso sin advertirlo, a renunciar a una parte esencial de su vocación.
Y tampoco olvido a mis pacientes. De ellos he recibido lecciones que ningún tratado habría podido anticiparme. Sus historias, sus silencios y las formas tantas veces inefables de su sufrimiento me enseñaron que el dolor humano posee una elocuencia anterior a toda teoría y que la humildad clínica comienza precisamente allí donde nuestras explicaciones encuentran sus límites.
Mis maestros me enseñaron a pensar la condición humana; mis pacientes me enseñaron a reconocerla en su más desnuda vulnerabilidad.
Después de más de tres décadas de ejercicio de la psiquiatría, he llegado a comprender que enseñar no constituye simplemente la obligación de transmitir cuanto hemos aprendido, sino una forma superior de gratitud hacia quienes nos precedieron.
Cada vez que ingreso en un aula universitaria llevo conmigo, aunque nadie pueda advertirlo, una multitud de maestros. Sus palabras sobreviven en mis preguntas; sus enseñanzas, en mis dudas; y sus exigencias, en esa insatisfacción fecunda que me impide considerar concluida mi formación.
No encuentro contradicción alguna entre el rigor del científico y la conciencia moral del médico, ni entre el pensamiento del filósofo y la sensibilidad de quien, ante el sufrimiento de otro ser humano, reconoce una responsabilidad que no puede delegar. Más bien considero que la fecundidad de mi recorrido reside precisamente en ese diálogo permanente entre saberes que nunca he concebido como territorios separados.
Goethe escribió en Fausto: «Lo que has heredado de tus padres, adquiérelo para poseerlo». Y Ortega y Gasset formuló aquella sentencia cardinal de su filosofía: «Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia, y si no la salvo a ella, no me salvo yo».
Entre ambas intuiciones reconozco buena parte de mi propia biografía.
Somos, ciertamente, herederos de una constitución biológica que no elegimos; pero también somos el resultado siempre inconcluso de nuestras experiencias, de los libros que nos transformaron, de los encuentros que modificaron nuestras certezas y de aquellas presencias que imprimieron una dirección inesperada a nuestro destino. El patrimonio genético establece ciertas condiciones de nuestra existencia; la biografía, en su incesante diálogo con el mundo, contribuye a otorgarles forma y sentido.
Ningún hombre se construye enteramente a sí mismo. Incluso aquello que consideramos más propio —nuestras ideas, nuestras convicciones, nuestra sensibilidad— lleva inscrita, de manera visible o secreta, la impronta de otros. Somos también la memoria viviente de quienes nos enseñaron a mirar, de quienes nos corrigieron sin humillarnos y de quienes, confiando en nuestras posibilidades, nos exigieron ir más allá de nuestros propios límites.
Por ello, estas páginas no pretenden celebrar una trayectoria individual, sino reconocer una deuda que ninguna obra, por extensa que sea, podrá saldar enteramente. Si algo de valor intelectual o humano pudiera encontrarse en lo que he enseñado, practicado o escrito, una parte esencial pertenece a quienes me precedieron y me acompañaron.
Porque, en definitiva, no somos únicamente aquello que hemos llegado a ser, sino también aquello que otros, con su inteligencia, su ejemplo y su generosidad, hicieron posible que llegáramos a ser.
Y si alguna enseñanza quisiera dejar a quienes me sucedan, sería acaso esta:
“La verdadera grandeza de un maestro no reside en perpetuar su pensamiento, sino en despertar una conciencia capaz de pensar más allá de él. Pues sólo merece llamarse maestro quien, al transmitir su saber, hace de su propia superación la más noble de sus herencias”.
Dr. ACTVARIVS
In other languages
French, German, Italian and Portuguese versions. Each one opens as a PDF.
Professional activity
Consultant in GENERAL ADULT PSYCHIATRY
Docente regular invitado
Regular Visiting Lecturer
VISITING LECTURER
Professor visitante
Visiting Professor
Gastprofessor
Guest Professor
Psiquiatra y docente adjunto en cátedra de clínica psiquiátrica
Psychiatrist and Associate Lecturer, Chair of Clinical Psychiatry
VISITING LECTURER
Psychiatre des hôpitaux en FRANCE
Hospital Psychiatrist in France
university degrees
“DOCTOR EUROPÆUS IN MEDICINE AND PSYCHIATRY”
UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA – SPAIN Distinction: Cum Laude
“DOCTORAL VÍTOR IN MEDICINE AND PSYCHIATRY CVM LAVDE”
UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA – SPAIN Distinction: Cum Laude
“SALAMANCA DEGREE (GRADO DE SALAMANCA)”
UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA – SPAIN Distinction: Cum Laude
“MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY – Medical Sciences and Psychiatry”
"PHD"
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI VENEZIA – ITALY Outstanding rating CVM LAVDE
Full Member of the ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS
UNITED KINGDOM
“Specialist in GENERAL ADULT PSYCHIATRY”
STA: The Specialist Training Authority of THE MEDICAL ROYAL COLLEGES – UNITED KINGDOM
« DIPLÔME D’UNIVERSITÉ en PHÉNOMÉNOLOGIE PSYCHIATRIQUE »
University Diploma in Psychiatric Phenomenology
UNIVERSITÉ DE NICE – FRANCE
“Laurea specialistica in MEDICINA e CHIRURGIA”
Specialist Degree in Medicine and Surgery
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA – ITALY
University Specialist Title in Psychiatry
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
University Teaching Qualification in Medicine, Psychiatry Specialization
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
“Degree of Licentiate in Philosophy”
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
Postgraduate Diploma in Existential Psychotherapy
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
Postgraduate Diploma in Biological Psychiatry
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
« DIPLÔME D’UNIVERSITÉ en GÉRONTO-PSYCHIATRIE »
University Diploma in Geriatric Psychiatry
UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTPELLIER – FACULTY OF MEDICINE – FRANCE
Medical Degree
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
“DOCTOR EUROPÆUS IN MEDICINE AND PSYCHIATRY”
UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA – SPAIN Distinction: Cum Laude
“DOCTORAL VÍTOR IN MEDICINE AND PSYCHIATRY CVM LAVDE”
UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA – SPAIN Distinction: Cum Laude
“SALAMANCA DEGREE (GRADO DE SALAMANCA)”
UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA – SPAIN Distinction: Cum Laude
“MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY – Medical Sciences and Psychiatry”
"PHD"
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI VENEZIA – ITALY Outstanding rating CVM LAVDE
Full Member of the ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS
UNITED KINGDOM
“Specialist in GENERAL ADULT PSYCHIATRY”
STA: The Specialist Training Authority of THE MEDICAL ROYAL COLLEGES – UNITED KINGDOM
« DIPLÔME D’UNIVERSITÉ en PHÉNOMÉNOLOGIE PSYCHIATRIQUE »
University Diploma in Psychiatric Phenomenology
UNIVERSITÉ DE NICE – FRANCE
“Laurea specialistica in MEDICINA e CHIRURGIA”
Specialist Degree in Medicine and Surgery
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA – ITALY
University Specialist Title in Psychiatry
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
University Teaching Qualification in Medicine, Psychiatry Specialization
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
“Degree of Licentiate in Philosophy”
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
Postgraduate Diploma in Existential Psychotherapy
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
Postgraduate Diploma in Biological Psychiatry
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
« DIPLÔME D’UNIVERSITÉ en GÉRONTO-PSYCHIATRIE »
University Diploma in Geriatric Psychiatry
UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTPELLIER – FACULTY OF MEDICINE – FRANCE
Medical Degree
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
Books, publications, and presentations.
Schizophrenia and sexuality
A review and report of 80 cases (British Journal of Psychiatry)
Sexuality and psychoses
A phenomenological approach (Comprehensive Psychiatry)
Schizophrenia and sexuality
Con un saggio clinico di Chada Castro, Carlos Gabriel, 5 edizione ampliata, Milano,1999 (355pp)
La psichiatria e la fenomenologia al tempo di Jaspers
« RITORNO ad ATENE » Studi in onore di Umberto Galimberti, A cura di Gianluigi Pasquale. Carocci editore, Roma, 2012
Fenomenologia e Psichiatria
Una revisione critica sulle fonti filosofiche della Psicopatologia Generale di Karl Jaspers (Dottorato europeo di ricerca, 347 pp., Ediz. Della Università degli Studi di Venezia, Ca’Foscari, Venezia, marzo 2007)
Borderline Personality Disorder
A conceptual history (MPhil under the supervision of Prof. G.E.Berrios, University of Cambridge, October 2003)
Schizophrenia and sexuality
Panelist on a TVE program, March 2013, MADRID, on 'The disease of our time
Cahiers de l’Université de Nice, 2014
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