DE HVMANÆ ANIMÆ FABRICA

(The Fabric of the Human Soul)

Prof. Dr. Carlos Gabriel CHADA CASTRO

DE HVMANÆ ANIMÆ FABRICA

(The Fabric of the Human Soul)

Prof. Dr. Carlos Gabriel
CHADA CASTRO

Retrato cubista de Carlos Gabriel Chada Castro con toga académica ante un edificio universitario
Carlos Gabriel Chada Castro con toga académica junto a un automóvil clásico ante la capilla del King's College, Cambridge

Carlos Gabriel Chada Castro

ψυχῆς ἰατρεῖον / Remedios del alma / Remèdes de l’âme / Medicines for the soul / medicine dell’anima / Heilmittel der Seele / remédios da alma

Retrato cubista de Carlos Gabriel Chada Castro con toga académica ante un edificio universitario
Carlos Gabriel Chada Castro con toga académica junto a un automóvil clásico ante la capilla del King's College, Cambridge
Retrato de Carlos Gabriel Chada Castro en un paisaje surrealista con relojes blandos
Monograma dorado ΨΦ (Psi y Phi entrelazadas), emblema de DE HVMANÆ ANIMÆ FABRICA

ΨΦ — SIGILLVM ACTVARII

Remedies of the soul

An inner library

An ancient tradition has it that above the threshold of the sacred library of Ramesses II there stood the Greek inscription ψυχῆς ἰατρεῖον: a healing-place for the soul — or, in a freer and perhaps more evocative rendering, remedies of the soul.

Few expressions could more precisely describe what books have meant to certain civilisations and, in a more private way, what they have come to mean to me. They are not mere repositories of words, nor shelves upon which knowledge waits inertly for a reader. They are instruments of inward transformation, discreet forms of spiritual medicine, chambers of memory and laboratories in which distant temporalities may coexist without cancelling one another.

Books have always exerted upon me an almost Orphic fascination.

Every library is, in some sense, a conversation between heterogeneous regions of time: linear and circular time; historical and mythical time; times simultaneous, divergent, extinguished or not yet entirely born. To open a book is to cross a peculiar frontier and enter a territory in which the dead continue to speak, and in which certain ideas survive their authors with a persistence that biology alone cannot adequately explain.

Eliot understood something essential about this strange architecture of time. In Burnt Norton, the first of the Four Quartets, past, present and future do not merely follow one another: they penetrate one another. Time becomes less a sequence than a field of echoes.

Perhaps this is why Borges imagined Paradise in the form of a library, and why Umberto Eco could regard the library not simply as an archive of knowledge but as a machine devised against oblivion.

The dead continue to speak wherever books remain open.

Yet every library is also an involuntary autobiography.

The books we choose, the books we abandon, those to which we return after twenty years, and those whose presence remains with us although we never open them again, gradually compose a secret cartography of our existence. No intellectual itinerary is wholly deliberate. There are fortuitous encounters, unforeseen masters, books encountered too early, and others whose meaning becomes intelligible only after one has lived long enough to understand them.

There is something distinctly Eliotic in this gathering of fragments. At the close of The Waste Land, the speaker says: “These fragments I have shored against my ruins.” A library may sometimes be precisely that: an attempt to preserve fragments against the erosion of one’s own inner ruins.

Something similar may be said of the biographical narratives from which every human life is made. Each is irreducibly singular because every person is the outcome of one particular convergence of nature, culture and history.

The analogy with a game of chance is difficult to avoid. The cards are dealt without consulting us. No one chooses the body into which he is born, the family that first receives him, the century in which he will live, certain early wounds, or the accidents that begin shaping his character long before he has learnt to name them.

And yet what matters is not exhausted by the hand we have been dealt.

Something begins in the manner in which we choose to play it.

The space of freedom opens precisely where mere facticity ceases to be sufficient.

Between chance and necessity — or, more accurately, suspended uneasily between the two — man advances along what might be called the precipice of freedom.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty spoke of a situated freedom: never absolute, never disembodied, always conditioned by a body, a history, an age and circumstances we did not ourselves select. Yet a limited freedom is not thereby an illusory one. On the contrary, it may be only because freedom encounters resistance that it can become an act.

Stripped entirely of that capacity, man would be reduced to an extraordinarily sophisticated form of biological automatism: a creature endowed with an admirable nervous system, capable of responding to countless stimuli, yet unable to distance himself from them, interrogate them, or decide.

Existence begins when man ceases merely to react and begins to question.

A considerable part of our present age may perhaps be understood as a gradual surrender of precisely this inward exercise of freedom.

In exchange, substitutes are offered with increasing efficiency: comfort, distraction, consumption, speed, visibility, stimulation, entertainment.

Never have we possessed so many possibilities; it is far from evident that we know better what to do with them.

Never has freedom been so incessantly invoked, and perhaps never has there been so elaborate an industry devoted to anticipating desire, capturing attention and steering choice.

I should therefore prefer these pages not to be read as a conventional presentation, but rather as a modest place in which words, intuitions, experiences and questions may gather.

In another cultural tradition I might have resorted not to words but to ideograms. Under the influence of a more severe minimalism, perhaps even to a handful of signs or phonemes. No language is innocent. Every language carries within it an implicit metaphysics, and every symbolic system fashions experience differently.

I have studied medicine, psychiatry, philosophy, anthropology and several other disciplines belonging to that inexhaustible human task: the attempt to understand man.

I have moved through centuries-old universities, hospitals, libraries, lecture rooms and different geographies in pursuit of that peculiar living being whom the Greeks called ἄνθρωπος.

In Plato’s Cratylus, Socrates offers Hermogenes a philosophical etymology of anthrōpos: man would be the being who does not merely see, but turns reflectively upon what he has seen; who considers, examines and interrogates his own experience.

Its philological accuracy matters less than the anthropological intuition it contains.

Man would thus be the animal capable of making a problem of his own experience.

He sees — and knows that he sees.

He suffers — and may ask what his suffering means.

He desires — and may question the legitimacy of his desire.

He knows that he will die — and precisely because he knows it, he builds tombs, religions, libraries, hospitals, poems and metaphysical systems.

Shakespeare returns repeatedly to this knowledge of mortality. Prospero’s words in The Tempest reduce towers, palaces and the whole visible pageant of existence to a vanishing fabric, until human life itself appears fragile, dreamlike and bounded by sleep.

Perhaps no account of the human being has ever escaped the gravity of this strange ability to turn back upon oneself.

I am tempted here to place a full stop.

But full stops belong rather more properly to syntax than to existence.

Life seldom concludes with the neatness of a paragraph.

The Lebenswelt, Husserl’s life-world, resembles a systematic treatise far less than it does a manuscript covered in deletions, marginal glosses, interpolations, missing fragments and pages that were never written.

These pages have, in truth, two purposes.

The first is to offer an inevitably fragmentary image of the person who writes them. The second is to attempt — within my limitations — some response to the questions arising from the territory to which I have devoted a considerable part of my life: psychopathology and psychiatry.

Henri Ey conceived mental illness in part through the disturbance it introduces into human freedom, and this intuition still possesses remarkable anthropological force.

For behind innumerable psychopathological manifestations there lies, in one form or another, an alteration in the relation between freedom, desire, will, affectivity and reality.

Mental illness is not merely an assemblage of symptoms.

It is also a modification of one’s manner of inhabiting the world.

Depression alters the experience of the future.

Mania distorts the measure of the possible.

Psychosis transforms the very status of reality.

Obsession may convert freedom into ritual.

Anxiety may turn possibility into threat.

Impulsivity may dangerously shorten the interval between desire and act.

Mental disorder thus appears not only as a clinical event, but as an anthropological fracture.

Contemporary nosography — including the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders — may map many of these configurations with considerable precision. But classification is not yet understanding.

A taxonomy may tell us what to call a syndrome.

It is a much more difficult matter to understand what becomes of a person’s freedom when his world contracts until it is scarcely habitable.

From this perspective, the older conception of psychiatry as concerned with a certain pathology of freedom retains an extraordinary power.

And at this point anxiety inevitably enters.

Kierkegaard understood, perhaps before many clinicians, that anxiety was not simply an unpleasant affect, nor merely a symptom awaiting successful treatment. It was also the dizziness of possibility.

Only a being who stands, in some sense, before what may still become can experience anxiety in its properly existential form.

The animal fears.

Man also anticipates.

He can imagine catastrophe before it occurs, suffer from futures that will never come to pass, and despair before possibilities that remain entirely open.

Yet the same faculty that produces anxiety also makes freedom possible.

Only one who can err can choose.

Only one who can lose can risk.

Only one who can fail can truly act.

Shakespeare places an equally profound intuition in Malcolm’s counsel to Macduff in Macbeth: “Give sorrow words.” Grief denied language threatens to become inwardly destructive; grief spoken enters the human order of meaning.

There is something clinically exact in that line.

Speech does not abolish suffering.

But it prevents suffering from remaining entirely mute.

And psychiatry, at its best, begins precisely there: not by silencing anguish, but by allowing anguish to enter language.

I should like, finally, to dwell upon the symbolic meaning of another name: Eudemoniapsyche.

The Greek term εὐδαιμονία, central to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, is commonly translated as “happiness”, though the English word is too slight for what Aristotle intended.

Eudaimonia is not an agreeable mood, still less subjective satisfaction. It points towards a fulfilled life, a form of human flourishing in which reason, character, action and virtue attain a certain consonance.

For Aristotle, the highest good does not lie in wealth, honour, fame, or even pleasure taken in isolation. It belongs instead to a certain excellence in the actual living of a human life.

Late modernity appears gradually to have displaced that older question —

How ought one to live?

— with another, far more immediate:

What do I still want?

Perhaps one of the decisive anthropological mutations of our age lies precisely there.

The contemporary subject inhabits a permanent economy of comparison, exposure and recognition. He must present himself, produce himself, explain himself, optimise himself, update himself.

It is no longer sufficient merely to exist.

One must display externally verifiable signs that one’s existence deserves to be observed.

This is why many contemporary forms of suffering may also be understood as disturbances of desire, affectivity, will and our relation to limits.

Depression, anxiety, anguish, narcissistic pathology, compulsions, impulsivity, bipolar disorder, psychosis and particular configurations of personality differ profoundly in origin and structure and ought not to be collapsed into one another. Yet each shows, from a different angle, how dependent psychic life remains upon the difficult negotiation between what we desire, what we can do, what we are, and what reality permits.

Perhaps Eudemoniapsyche might name the condition of a soul that has achieved some reconciliation with that distance.

Not the abolition of conflict.

Not some impossible permanent serenity.

Still less an existence without suffering.

Rather, the knowledge of one’s proper measure.

Ancient Greek wisdom understood that a limit need not merely be deprivation.

A limit may also be a form of intelligence.

Our age, by contrast, seems increasingly unwilling to accept one.

It was from this observation that I once found myself tempted by another word: dys-eudaimonia — the false promise of fulfilment that ends by producing the very opposite of what it promises.

A humanity surrounded by possibilities and yet chronically dissatisfied.

Saturated with information and starved of orientation.

Permanently exposed to others and profoundly alone.

Increasingly persuaded that every limit constitutes a personal injustice.

Obsessed with indefinitely prolonging youth, multiplying experience, accumulating recognition and removing from the horizon every reminder of fragility.

Eliot’s late poetry moves in almost the opposite direction. The wisdom sought in Four Quartets is not mastery, expansion or self-deification, but humility: reconciliation after suffering, and an acceptance of measure.

Perhaps our tragedy does not lie simply in having ceased to believe in the gods.

Perhaps it lies instead in having begun to demand of ourselves the attributes once reserved for them.

Omnipresence.

Omnipotence.

Perpetual youth.

Absolute availability.

Permanent visibility.

A life without failure, without ageing, without loss and, ultimately, without death.

Yet the human being who seeks to abolish every limit does not become greater.

He merely loses the measure of the human.

The Greeks possessed a severe word for such an error:

ὕβρις — hýbris.

And this is perhaps why books remain, after all, remedies of the soul.

They remind us that others loved before us; that others feared, betrayed, forgave, grew old, fell ill and died.

They remind us that no individual anguish is entirely without genealogy.

They remind us, too, that what appears to be uniquely ours may already have found words in someone long dead.

Shakespeare knew that sorrow needs speech.

Eliot knew that fragments may be gathered against ruin.

The philosophers knew that freedom becomes intelligible only when confronted by necessity.

And the physicians have always known, or ought to have known, that suffering is never exhausted by the name of a diagnosis.

Against the modern illusion that every life begins from nothing, the library restores us to the long conversation of human beings with themselves.

Perhaps that is its deepest therapeutic virtue.

Not that it provides final answers.

But that it prevents us from believing that we are the first to ask the questions.

Remedies of the soul in other languages

The same text, recreated in thirteen other languages. Each version opens as a PDF; beneath each link, a brief note on what changes in it.

DE ANIMA PER LINGUASOne soul, many ways of saying itComparison of all versions · PDF · in Spanish

GENEALOGIA MAGISTRORVM MEORVM

Genealogy of my teachers

In other languages

French, German, Italian and Portuguese versions. Each one opens as a PDF.

Professional activity

Consultant in GENERAL ADULT PSYCHIATRY

Logotipo del National Health Service (NHS) de Inglaterra, donde Carlos Gabriel Chada Castro ejerció como Consultant in General Adult Psychiatry

Docente regular invitado

Regular Visiting Lecturer

VISITING LECTURER

Professor visitante

Visiting Professor

Gastprofessor

Guest Professor

Logotipo de la Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena (Alemania), donde Carlos Gabriel Chada Castro ha impartido docencia como Gastprofessor

Psiquiatra y docente adjunto en cátedra de clínica psiquiátrica

Psychiatrist and Associate Lecturer, Chair of Clinical Psychiatry

VISITING LECTURER

Psychiatre des hôpitaux en FRANCE

Hospital Psychiatrist in France

Logotipo del Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (Francia), donde Carlos Gabriel Chada Castro ejerció como psychiatre des hôpitaux

university degrees

Books, publications, and presentations.

Schizophrenia and sexuality

A review and report of 80 cases (British Journal of Psychiatry)

Sexuality and psychoses

A phenomenological approach (Comprehensive Psychiatry)

Schizophrenia and sexuality

Con un saggio clinico di Chada Castro, Carlos Gabriel, 5 edizione ampliata, Milano,1999 (355pp)

La psichiatria e la fenomenologia al tempo di Jaspers

« RITORNO ad ATENE » Studi in onore di Umberto Galimberti, A cura di Gianluigi Pasquale. Carocci editore, Roma, 2012

Fenomenologia e Psichiatria

Una revisione critica sulle fonti filosofiche della Psicopatologia Generale di Karl Jaspers (Dottorato europeo di ricerca, 347 pp., Ediz. Della Università degli Studi di Venezia, Ca’Foscari, Venezia, marzo 2007)

Borderline Personality Disorder

A conceptual history (MPhil under the supervision of Prof. G.E.Berrios, University of Cambridge, October 2003)

Schizophrenia and sexuality

Panelist on a TVE program, March 2013, MADRID, on 'The disease of our time

Cahiers de l’Université de Nice, 2014

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